The Meaning and Origin of the Word "Parasite"
The idea for Parasite originated in 2013. While working on Snowpiercer, Bong was encouraged by a theatre actor friend to write a play. He had been a tutor for the son of a wealthy family in Seoul in his early 20s and considered turning his experience into a stage production.[15] The film's title, Parasite, was selected by Bong as it served a double meaning, which he had to convince the film's marketing group to use. Bong said "Because the story is about the poor family infiltrating and creeping into the rich house, it seems very obvious that Parasite refers to the poor family, and I think that's why the marketing team was a little hesitant. But if you look at it the other way, you can say that rich family, they're also parasites in terms of labor. They can't even wash dishes, they can't drive themselves, so they leech off the poor family's labor. So both are parasites."[16]
The main themes of Parasite are class conflict, social inequality and wealth disparity.[47][48][49] Film critics and Bong Joon-ho himself have considered the film as a reflection of late-stage capitalism,[50][51] and some have associated it with the term "Hell Joseon" (Korean: 헬조선), a satirical phrase which posits that living in hell would be akin to living in modern South Korea. This term came about due to high rates of youth unemployment, the intense demands of pursuing higher education, the crisis of home affordability, and the increasing socio-economic gap between the wealthy and poor.[52][53][54] In Coronavirus Capitalism Goes to the Cinema, Nulman writes that the etymology of the word 'parasite' originally refers to "person who eats at the table of another", which is presented in one of the scenes of the film.[49] Nulman also notes the connection between parasites and the Karl Marx quote:
parasite
Critics have also considered the themes of colonialism and imperialism. According to Ju-Hyun Park, the film plays out within "the capitalist economic order inaugurated and upheld in Korea by colonial occupation", and the use of English language in the film denotes prestige within that economic system.[58] The Park family's son, Da-song, is obsessed with "Indians" and owns Native American-themed toys and inauthentic replicas.[59][60][49] Eugene Nulman makes the link between the 'native' Park family and the invaders - the Kims who bring with them deadly parasites for which the natives have no immunity. Nulman points to the miasma theory of scent carrying disease where it was thought that the natives could catch disease just by smelling the noxious air carried by colonising Spaniards. This connects to the film's theme around the class distinction of smell.[49] Bong has noted that: "I wouldn't go so far as to say it's a commentary on what happened in the United States, but it's related in the sense that this family starts infiltrating the house and they already find a family living there. So you could say it's a joke in that context. But at the same time, the Native Americans have a very complicated and long, deep history. But in this family, that story is reduced to a young boy's hobby and decoration. The boy's mother mentions the tent as a U.S. imported good, and I think it's like the Che Guevara T-shirts that people wear. They don't know the life of the revolutionary figure, they just think it's a cool T-shirt. That's what happens in our current time: The context and meaning behind these actual things only exists as a surface-level thing".[61]
There are many species of Cryptosporidium that infect animals, some of which also infect humans. The parasite is protected by an outer shell that allows it to survive outside the body for long periods of time and makes it very tolerant to chlorine disinfection.
While this parasite can be spread in several different ways, water (drinking water and recreational water) is the most common way to spread the parasite. Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of waterborne disease among humans in the United States.
Cyclosporiasis is an intestinal illness caused by the microscopic parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis. People can become infected with Cyclospora by consuming food or water contaminated with the parasite. People living or traveling in countries where cyclosporiasis is endemic may be at increased risk for infection.
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You may have a parasite and no symptoms, or the symptoms may appear a long time after infection. You may also not have any symptoms and accidentally pass a parasite to another person who develops symptoms.
Your provider can diagnose some parasites through blood tests. Your provider will use a tiny needle (about the size of a standard earring post) to withdraw a small amount of blood. Your provider will then conduct one or both of the following tests:
Some parasites may cause damage (lesions) to the structure of your intestines. Your provider may order X-rays, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan or a computed tomography (CT) scan to examine your organs for lesions.
Along with prescribed medications, strengthening your immune system through diet and supplements may help your body get rid of parasites faster. Before trying any alternative therapies, check with a healthcare provider. They may affect other medications you take.
Some parasites go away on their own, especially if you have a healthy immune system and maintain a balanced diet. However, talk to a healthcare provider if you have signs of a parasitic infection. They can make an official diagnosis and help prevent the spread of the parasite to others.
Some mosquitoes carry this parasite, which causes malaria. The disease kills more people than any other of its kind. It feels like the flu, and it causes body chills, fever, and sometimes nausea or vomiting. A doctor has to look at someone's blood under a microscope to tell if they have it. Early treatment is best. Certain prescription drugs can cure most types.
This easy and fun to use app includes images and information on approximately 100 veterinary internal parasites found in dogs, cats, small mammals, reptiles, and birds. Learn how to download and use this app in your practice!
Watch this video to learn how to use CAPC's parasite ID app in your veterinary practice! This fun and easy to use app includes images and information on approximately 100 veterinary internal parasites found in dogs, cats, small mammals, reptiles, and birds. ...
Parasites & Vectors publishes articles on the biology of parasites, parasitic diseases, intermediate hosts, vectors and vector-borne pathogens. Manuscripts published in this journal will be available to all worldwide, with no barriers to access, immediately following acceptance. Read more
Primers provide short, authoritative and accessible accounts that explore the basic/applied biology of selected parasites, intermediate hosts, vectors and vector-borne pathogens. Primers integrate fundamental aspects of parasite or vector biology with recent, cutting-edge research findings and a discussion of future research needs. Each Primer also includes a downloadable/printable poster.
Dr. Anna Bajer is Head of the Department of Eco-epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases at the University of Warsaw, Poland. Dr. Bajer and her lab focus on a range of eco-epidemiological studies on ticks and vector-borne diseases (babesiosis, borreliosis, bartonellosis, dirofilariasis); on factors influencing parasite communities in rodents, model free-living hosts (helminths and haemoparasite community); and on reservoir of intestinal microparasites (Cryptosporidium, Giardia). She has also worked on molecular diversity and molecular phylogeny of micro- and macroparasites of medical and veterinary significance.
In the Anomotaenia tapeworm's life cycle, an ant is not its final home. Its adult reproductive state takes place in the body of a woodpecker, which means the parasite has a vested interest in keeping its temporary host young, plump, and scrumptious-looking. That way, it might become a bird's breakfast once it grows up.
One protein called vitellogenin-like A found at high levels in infected individuals is not produced by the parasite but by the ant itself. It is known to regulate divisions of labor and reproduction in ant societies.
"Since caste differences in social insects are usually not due to genetic differences, but controlled by differential gene expression, hijacking pre-existing regulatory pathways that make an individual more queen-like might be an elegant strategy from the parasite's point of view," Foitzik and colleagues point out.
Nevertheless, proving that a parasite is manipulating an ant body as opposed to an ant body acting in response to an invader would be incredibly difficult, if not impossible; the authors say this potential pathway of manipulation should be interpreted with caution.
Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria reduces disease, prevents deaths and contributes to reducing transmission. WHO recommends that all suspected cases of malaria be confirmed using parasite-based diagnostic testing (through either microscopy or a rapid diagnostic test).
Malaria elimination is defined as the interruption of local transmission of a specified malaria parasite species in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate activities. Continued measures to prevent re-establishment of transmission are required.
Humans and mice infected with different Plasmodium strains are known to produce microvesicles derived from the infected red blood cells (RBCs), denoted RMVs. Studies in mice have shown that RMVs are elevated during infection and have proinflammatory activity. Here we present a detailed characterization of RMV composition and function in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Proteomics profiling revealed the enrichment of multiple host and parasite proteins, in particular of parasite antigens associated with host cell membranes and proteins involved in parasite invasion into RBCs. RMVs are quantitatively released during the asexual parasite cycle prior to parasite egress. RMVs demonstrate potent immunomodulatory properties on human primary macrophages and neutrophils. Additionally, RMVs are internalized by infected red blood cells and stimulate production of transmission stage parasites in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, RMVs mediate cellular communication within the parasite population and with the host innate immune system.